News: Markets
29 December 2025
Micro-LED reaches make-or-break phase as first production lines ramp at AUO
At a time when production lines begin to ramp and the technology enters a pivotal make-or-break phase, market analyst firm Yole Group has released two strategic reports: MicroLED Markets, Applications, and Competitive Landscape 2025 and MicroLED Technologies, Equipment, and Manufacturing 2025.
The micro-LED industry is transitioning from hype to reality. After years of development, the first commercial displays (Garmin’s smartwatch and Sony-Honda Afeela’s automotive exterior display) will enter low-volume production in 2025, manufactured on AUO’s G4.5 line. This moment represents a critical test: the industry must prove that yields, manufacturability and costs can converge toward a viable commercial path beyond niche B2B and LED-on-silicon applications.
“Micro-LED has progressed enough to exist without depending on a single flagship product,” notes Raphaël Mermet-Lyaudoz PhD, technology & market analyst in Photonics and Display. “The momentum is returning in 2025, supported by a clearer understanding of strengths, limitations, and realistic timelines.” Specifically, funding for startups and small-companies is rising again, up 20% in 2025 to more than US$425m.
Yet the challenges remain significant. Micro-LED must match OLED’s cost while delivering differentiating performance, a demanding requirement that intensifies pressure on die efficiency at small pixel sizes, mass-transfer yields and throughput, repair strategies, and TFT-backplane limitations. Although investments in fabs and pilot lines continue, decision-makers remain cautious as processes and tools are still maturing.
The industry also faces a structural bottleneck: a lack of process standardization. Today, most micro-LED display makers pursue unique architectures that require customized equipment that is costly and complex. While some equipment suppliers, including Hardram, Coherent, Contrel, and PlayNitride, continue to develop new generations of tools, others have stepped back due to uncertain prospects and daunting development challenges.
“Micro-LED supply chains are becoming clearer, with stronger alignment between chip makers and panel makers,” says Eric Virey PhD, principal analyst, Display. “However, strategic questions remain, particularly around foundry models, CoC/CoC2 assembly distribution, and the maturity of large-stage, high-throughput tools,” he adds.
Meanwhile, LED-on-Silicon (LEDoS) is emerging as the most promising volume driver, fueled by AI-accelerated demand for augmented reality (AR) glasses and high-performance micro-displays. China leads the charge with JBD as the only player shipping in volume, while Sitan, Saphlux, Hongshi, Innovision, and Raysolve scale new fabs. Outside China, alliances are forming around Porotech, PlayNitride, Micledi, Mojo Vision, Aledia and others, each pursuing distinct architectures, materials, and manufacturing strategies.
Micro-LED is also attracting growing interest for optical interconnects in data centers and high-performance computing, supported by major stakeholders such as TSMC, Intel, NVIDIA, and Microsoft, notes Yole. Startups, including Avicena and Hyperlume, have raised significant funding to accelerate development in this emerging field.
Micro-LED is entering a decisive phase, one defined by cautious investment, advancing supply chain alignment, and a growing focus on manufacturability over the long term, concludes Yole.
Micro-LEDs maintain momentum despite Apple’s withdrawal
